Freeman, M. (2019)

Abduction is usually harmful – even when children are with their primary or joint primary carer parents, they often suffer many significant and harmful effects from the abduction. There are occasions when returning the child to the State of habitual residence may also be harmful to the abducted child.

This open access document is available to view online. Symposium Commemorating the Fifth Anniversary of Japan’s Entry into the 1980 Hague Convention Ito International Research Center, Japan.

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